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The linguistics search engine that overturned the federal mask mandate

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The COVID-19 pandemic was still raging when a federal judge in Florida made the fateful decision to type “sanitation” into the search bar of the Corpus of Historical American English.

Many parts of the country had already dropped mask requirements, but a federal mask mandate on planes and other public transportation was still in place. A lawsuit challenging the mandate had come before Judge Kathryn Mizelle, a former clerk for Justice Clarence Thomas. The Biden administration said the mandate was valid, based on a law that authorizes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to introduce rules around “sanitation” to prevent the spread of disease.

Mizelle took a textualist approach to the question — looking specifically at the meaning of the words in the law. But along with consulting dictionaries, she consulted a database of language, called a corpus, built by a Brigham Young University linguistics professor for other linguists. Pulling every example of the word “sanitation” from 1930 to 1944, she concluded that “sanitation” was used to describe actively making something clean — not as a way to keep something clean. So, she decided, masks aren’t actually “sanitation.”

The mask mandate was overturned, one of the final steps in the defanging of public health authorities, even as infectious disease ran rampant.

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https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TSMEyGtMISbCpGyZLSnDFLv_73k=/0x0:2040x1360/925x925/filters:focal(857x517:1183x843):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70950796/acastro_220525_5243_0002.0.jpgIllustration by Alex Castro / The Verge

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Click the link below for the article:

https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/7/23153218/legal-corpus-linguistics-mask-mandate-judges

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The Theft of the Commons

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On the train to Laxton, I was facing backward, heading south from Scotland, with the fields of England rushing away from me. I searched their dark creases and their uneven hedges for something I didn’t know how to see, something I wasn’t even certain was visible. I was trying to locate the origins of private property, a preposterous pursuit. There in those hedges, I was looking for a living record of enclosure, the centuries-long process by which land once collectively worked by the landless was claimed by the landed. That land already belonged to the landed, in the old sense of ownership, but it had always been used by the landless, who belonged to the land. The nature of ownership changed within the newly set hedges of an enclosed field, where the landowner now had the exclusive right to dictate how the land was used, and no one else belonged there.

From my backward-facing seat, I saw a long stone wall on the crest of a cliff. “The Wall,” John Berger writes, “is the front line of what, long ago, was called the Class War.” Walls, fences, hedges, and ditches were all used to mark the boundaries of enclosed land, so that sheep could be kept there, or some other profit could be pursued. Enclosure is how nearly all the agricultural land in Britain came to be owned by less than one percent of the population. In “The Making of the English Working Class,” the historian E. P. Thompson writes that enclosure was “a plain enough case of class robbery, played according to fair rules of property and law laid down by a parliament of property owners and lawyers.”

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Illustration by Rebecca Lee

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Click the link below for the article:

https://www.newyorker.com/culture/essay/the-theft-of-the-commons?utm_source=pocket_discover

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The Fittest People I Know Maintain These 4 Habits

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We all know that one person who’s in amazing shape.

You know who I mean. They rock a beach-body year-round, train 5–6 days a week, and have energy coming out of their ears. We’re tired just thinking about them.

Truth is, there’s not much separating us. These people weren’t “born lucky” or gifted with the best genetics. They work their butts off. They think ahead. They have a vision and execute accordingly.

And most importantly, they maintain good habits.

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Credit: Karsten Winegeart on Unsplash

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Click the link below for the article:

https://medium.com

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The Art Of Listening

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Writing in Esquire magazine in 1935, Ernest Hemingway offered this advice to young writers: ‘When people talk, listen completely… Most people never listen.’ Even though Hemingway was one of my teenage heroes, the realization crept up on me, somewhere around the age of 25: I am most people. I never listen.

Perhaps never was a little strong – but certainly, my listening often occurred through a fog of distraction and self-regard. On my worst days, this could make me a shallow, solipsistic presence. Haltingly, I began to try to reach inside my own mental machinery, marshal my attention differently, listen better. I wasn’t sure what I was doing; but I had crossed paths with a few people who, as a habit, gave others their full attention – and it was powerful. It felt rare, it felt real; I wanted them around.

As a culture, we treat listening as an automatic process about which there is not a lot to say: in the same category as digestion or blinking. When the concept of listening is addressed at any length, it is in the context of professional communication; something to be honed by leaders and mentors, but a specialization that everyone else can happily ignore. This neglect is a shame. Listening well, it took me too long to discover, is a sort of magic trick: both parties soften, blossom, they are less alone.

Along the way, I discovered that Carl Rogers, one of the 20th century’s most eminent psychologists, had put a name to this underrated skill: ‘active listening’. And though Rogers’s work was focused initially on the therapeutic setting, he drew no distinction between this and everyday life: ‘Whatever I have learned,’ he wrote, ‘is applicable to all of my human relationships.’ What Rogers learned was that listening well – which necessarily involves conversing well and questioning well – is one of the most accessible and most powerful forms of connection we have.

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Husband and Wife (detail, 1945) by Milton Avery. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Roy R Neuberger. Photo by Allen Phillips/ Wadsworth Atheneum

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Click the link below for the article:

https://aeon.co/essays/the-psychologist-carl-rogers-and-the-art-of-active-listening?utm_source=pocket_discover

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How to Love: Legendary Zen Buddhist Teacher Thich Nhat Hanh on Mastering the Art of “Interbeing

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What does love mean, exactly? We have applied to it our finest definitions; we have examined its psychology and outlined it in philosophical frameworks; we have even devised a mathematical formula for attaining it. And yet anyone who has ever taken this wholehearted leap of faith knows that love remains a mystery — perhaps the mystery of the human experience.

Learning to meet this mystery with the full realness of our being — to show up for it with absolute clarity of intention — is the dance of life.

That’s what legendary Vietnamese Zen Buddhist monk, teacher, and peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh (October 11, 1926–January 22, 2022) explored in How to Love (public library) — a slim, simply worded collection of his immeasurably wise insights on the most complex and most rewarding human potentiality.

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Thich Nhat Hanh.

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Click the link below for the article:

https://getpocket.com/explore/item/how-to-love-legendary-zen-buddhist-teacher-thich-nhat-hanh-on-mastering-the-art-of-interbeing

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How to set yourself free with ritual

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Ritual is not about stale traditionalism

When I first read Confucius, I was disappointed. He seemed like a stick-in-the-mud, obsessed with enforcing the status quo. ‘As for music,’ he grumped to his disciples, ‘listen only to Shao and Wu. Prohibit the tunes of Zheng.’

This was the great sage of ancient China, who wandered the country lecturing disciples and rulers on how to live? Maybe his approach worked 2,500 years ago. But for me, in the 21st century? I preferred living freely like the iconoclastic Daoist sages who mocked Confucius.

Central to Confucius’s teachings was submission to li (禮), typically translated as ‘ritual’. I wrote it off as more stale traditionalism. But then, while preparing a course on classical Chinese thought, I re-read the foundational collection of Confucius’s teachings known as the Analects.

It was a revelation. Cherrypicked passages such as the one about music were deeply misleading. Li wasn’t about fastidiously obeying fusty old rules.

No, this was a different kind of ritual. My default understanding of the word had misled me. What Confucius taught was life-as-ritual, the transformation of everyday actions into sacred activity. ‘When we say “the rites, the rites”, are we speaking merely of jade and silk?’ he asks rhetorically. The answer is no. Confucian ritual goes beyond formalized activities that require the proper use of jade and silk. Ritual is – or can be – part of all human activity. It governs greetings and conservations. It’s how you harmonize your life with the rhythms of the world. And if you take ritual seriously, submit to it, and practice it, then transforming your life for the better will go from difficult to effortless.

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https://epsilon.aeon.co/images/3e345f10-9659-43d0-8770-f0509a1b079e/900x900.jpgPhoto by David Gray/Reuters

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Click the link below for the article:

https://psyche.co/guides/how-to-live-free-and-in-harmonious-ease-with-confucian-ritual?utm_source=pocket_discover

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Missed News 918

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News You might have missed!

Use your browser or smartphone back arrow (<-) to return to this table for your next selection.

 

Some news you might have missed!

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NEWS TED TALKS
Table of Supreme Court Decisions Overruled by Subsequent Decisions | Resources | Constitution Annotated | Congress.gov | Library of Congress A World Without Bosses | WorkLife with Adam Grant
Congress Has the Power to Override Supreme Court Rulings. When Work Takes Over Your Life | WorkLife with Adam Grant
Your Daily AM Roundup Bonus: #MeToo with Ashley Judd, Ronan Farrow, and Tarana Burke | WorkLife with Adam Grant
Coronavirus Daily Briefing (2) Bonus: A Debate with Malcolm Gladwell | WorkLife with Adam Grant
Coronavirus Daily Briefing (1) The Creative Power of Misfits | WorkLife with Adam Grant
——————— ———————

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How to Talk to Kids About Hard Things: A Reading Guide

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Parenting is hardly all sunshine and rainbows. And neither is the world we all live in. Which is why stressful as it may be, it’s important to talk to kids about difficult topics in age-appropriate ways—and probably earlier than you think.

To help wade through the discomfort of addressing everything from death to climate change to sex, we turned to Emily Barth Isler, the author of AfterMath, a middle-grade novel about navigating grief; one that Amy Schumer has called “a gift to the culture.”

While the parents in AfterMath shy away from these conversations, Isler, a mom of two, takes a different approach, drawing influence from the famous Fred Rogers quote: “When I was a boy and I would see scary things in the news, my mother would say to me, ‘Look for the helpers. You will always find people who are helping.’”

Here, she walks us through tackling some of the tougher conversations with a similar approach: Find ways to draw kids in, activate their empathy, and encourage them to get involved.

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Click the link below for the article:

https://getpocket.com/collections/how-to-talk-to-kids-about-hard-things-a-reading-guide

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Micromanipulation: The Covert Tactic That Narcissists Use in Arguments to Reassert Control

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Eliciting sympathy and demanding attention are pretty common tactics in the course of your average relationship – but they become especially problematic when a narcissist is involved. 

“Micromanipulation” is one in an armory of emotional tools that narcissists typically use to regain control over their partners during arguments or a trial separation, according to an eye-opening new article on the topic.

Writing in Psychology Today, Professor Kristy Lee Hochenberger explains that “narcissists cannot accept the fact that another person does not want to be with them”. So, if they sense their partner is pulling away, they will go to extreme lengths to wrestle them back. 

Often this will involve direct manipulation – for example, threatening self-harm, which Hochenberger describes as a common and very scary response to someone wanting to regain control in a relationship that’s heading south. 

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https://pocket-image-cache.com/direct?resize=w2000&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stylist.co.uk%2Fimages%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F09%2F07181934%2Frelationship-advice-1680x1120.jpg%3Fw%3D1200%26h%3D1%26fit%3Dmax%26auto%3Dformat%252CcompressPhotos by Getty Images/iStock

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Click the link below for the article:

https://getpocket.com/explore/item/micromanipulation-the-covert-tactic-that-narcissists-use-in-arguments-to-reassert-control

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My Plea for a Sixth Love Language

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The winner of our college essay contest explores how for her Syrian family, scattered by war, a WhatsApp group chat — rife with silly videos and often regrettable photos — is everything.

According to writer Gary Chapman, there are five love languages: words of affirmation, quality time, receiving gifts, physical touch, and acts of service.

I would like to add a sixth — let’s call it “WhatsApp intimacy” — for people like my extended family and me who love each other desperately but, because of war, can’t be together.

We are from Syria. As a young child, I spent summers in Damascus — bouncing between my parents’ childhood homes and the apartment they bought when my brother and I were born — and winters in the U.S., where they had immigrated.

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https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/05/08/fashion/08MODERN-COLLEGEWINNER/08MODERN-COLLEGEWINNER-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webpBrian Rea

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Click the link below for the article:

https://www.nytimes.com

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