James' World 2

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DAOs, or decentralized autonomous organizations, are essentially businesses, charities, and other operations that operate decentrally via a blockchain.

A DAO is an internet-native organization that uses rules embedded in blockchain code to govern the behavior of the organization and its members.

Many DAOs leverage existing decentralized networks like Bitcoin or others in the DeFi space.

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Your TV’s picture settings menu can be overwhelming, but that doesn’t mean you can’t make a few small changes to make watching your favorite shows, enjoying 4K HDR movies and playing video games even better. With a couple easy tweaks to your TV picture settings, colors can look more accurate, motion can look more natural and brightness can be adjusted for comfortable day and nighttime viewing. It only takes a few seconds to change your picture mode. You can even give TV calibration a try, if you want more options for optimal TV watching. 

A word of warning before we begin: Picture setting names are all over the place. A setting one TV-maker calls “brightness” could control something totally different on another set, for example. We tackle a lot of the variations below, but we can’t account for every TV-maker, especially on older models, so your mileage may vary.

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The default color on many TVs is too blue, but a quick tweak can improve accuracy. David Katzmaier/CNET

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In 1974, Stephen Hawking calculated that black holes’ secrets die with them. Random quantum jitter on the spherical outer boundary, or “event horizon,” of a black hole will cause the hole to radiate particles and slowly shrink to nothing. Any record of the star whose violent contraction formed the black hole — and whatever else got swallowed up after — then seemed to be permanently lost.

Hawking’s calculation posed a paradox — the infamous “black hole information paradox” — that has motivated research in fundamental physics ever since. On the one hand, quantum mechanics, the rulebook for particles, says that information about particles’ past states gets carried forward as they evolve — a bedrock principle called “unitarity.” But black holes take their cues from general relativity, the theory that space and time form a bendy fabric and gravity is the fabric’s curves. Hawking had tried to apply quantum mechanics to particles near a black hole’s periphery and saw unitarity break down.

So do evaporating black holes really destroy information, meaning unitarity is not a true principle of nature? Or does information escape as a black hole evaporates? Solving the information paradox quickly came to be seen as a route to discovering the truth, quantum theory of gravity, which general relativity approximates well everywhere except black holes.

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Netta Engelhardt puzzles over the fates of black holes in her office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Ira Khan for Quanta Magazine

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There’s a trailer out for a new science fiction film called Moonfall, to be released in early 2022, in which the moon is about to crash into Earth. It features several shots of a reddish moon hovering extremely close to the planet, crumbling apart while sucking the oceans toward it, the debris flying into spacecraft and mountains. It doesn’t actually show a collision—you know, it’s just a trailer and they don’t want to spoil everything.

This isn’t the first movie to stretch the bounds of believable physics. (Remember Sharknado?) But just because it’s science fiction doesn’t mean it’s totally wrong. That’s why I’m here: I’m going to go over the actual physics that would apply if the moon ever got too close to us.

How Could the Moon Crash Into Earth?

According to the movie’s official IMDB entry, “a mysterious force knocks the moon from its orbit,” precipitating its plunge toward Earth. That’s not a lot to go on. Would there really be a way to make that happen?

Let’s start with a basic model of how the planet and its satellite act on each other. A gravitational force pulls Earth and the moon toward each other. This force depends on the mass of both objects and has a magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the two bodies.

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Photograph: Nasa

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What is it, at a fundamental level, that makes up the universe? When we ask this question, we typically think about starting with things that we directly observe — things like stars, planets, humans, gas, dust, plasma, and other forms of the matter we know — and dividing them up until you reach something that is indivisible. Although we originally thought that atoms would be these “uncuttable” things, we soon discovered they could be further divided: into electrons and atomic nuclei, which themselves are composed of quarks and gluons.

As we mastered the laws of physics and began to manipulate these subatomic particles, we gained the ability to accelerate and collide them, enabling the creation of a wide slew of particles and antiparticles: everything described by the Standard Model of particle physics. And yet, if we add up the sum total of all of these forms of matter, including photons, neutrinos, and everything that does not compose atoms, we fall far short of what is needed to describe our universe. Two additional components are necessary: dark matter and dark energy. Moreover, although we fully expect there to be a particle responsible for dark matter, that is not the case at all for dark energy.

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There is a large suite of scientific evidence that supports the picture of the expanding Universe and the Big Bang, complete with dark energy. The late-time accelerated expansion doesn’t strictly conserve energy, but the presence of a new component to the Universe, known as dark energy, is required to explain what we observe. (Credit: NASA / GSFC)

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