March 17, 2022
Mohenjo
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Drink more water” seems to be the all-encompassing solution to life. People swear it can ease sickness, eradicates exhaustion, clears pimples, helps you lose weight, etc. Hydration sustains life — scientists search far and wide for planets that have H2O. But there is such a thing as drinking too much water, and it can kill you.
First, it’s important to know that every substance has a lethal limit. Water’s lethal limit is way higher than, say, alcohol or hard drugs — but it does exist. It’s 90 milliliters per kilogram, according to a study on rats, Gizmodo reported. In other words, assuming the same effect on humans, it’s highly inadvisable for a 150-pound person to drink six liters (approximately 1.6 gallons) of water at once. In fact, based on the study, if 100 people did that, 50 of them would die.
The condition is called hyponatremia — it means water intoxication. Under normal circumstances, if you drink more than enough water to hydrate your body, you’ll just pee the rest out. But if you drink a lethal amount of water, osmosis will transfer the extra H2O to your cells, causing them to swell — and if the water reaches your brain cells, your brain drowns.
“You should drink only when you need to, when you are actually thirsty,” said Dr. James Winger, a family medicine professor at Loyola University Medical Center, according to the New York Times. “Thirst is a very reliable indicator,” he added.
So who’s died from hyponatremia? Mostly athletes and people on drugs. The condition became more relevant when marathon runners started dying from it a couple decades ago, according to the Times. They were mostly slower runners who didn’t sweat much and therefore overcompensated by drinking too much water in their attempts to stay well hydrated.
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Drown Your Brain
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March 17, 2022
Mohenjo
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March 16, 2022
Mohenjo
Business, Food For Thought, Human Interest, Medical, Overlooked Past Article, Science, Technical
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A pig heart has been beating away in the body of a confused baboon for 945 days — and it could be the key to saving human lives with animal parts.
Xenotransplantation, the process of transferring an organ from one species to another, is nothing new. But a study published Tuesday in Nature Communications showed that thanks to a regime of immunosuppressive therapy drugs, five genetically modified pig hearts put into different baboons stayed alive — beating and growing, but not replacing the functioning baboon’s heart.
One of them lasted 945 days — almost twice as long as the previous record. Before this report, the longest a heart survived was just 500 days.
“This has the potential to really move the field forward,” Dr. Richard Pierson, a professor of surgery at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and one of the study’s co-authors, said in a statement. “This new approach clearly made a difference. We obviously have a lot more work to do, but I’m confident that eventually, this will be useful to human patients.”
It’s exciting but potentially dangerous: Experts say xenotransplantation could be used to support human life. In current experiments, a pig heart just hangs out in a baboon’s belly. But making that pig heart shoulder all the baboon’s cardiovascular functioning is a hell of a lot more demanding. Plus, the baboons are on drugs that make them horrible at fighting disease. So while their immune systems don’t fight the invading organ, they also stink at fighting sickness, meaning the baboons could be at risk of illness.
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Pig Heart
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March 16, 2022
Mohenjo
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It was a life of difficulty. Born into slavery, at one point his master broke his leg, leaving him disabled. Eventually freed, he spent the next 25 years pursuing his calling – only for his career to be outlawed by the dictator in charge. He fled abroad, an exile and in poverty.
These sketchy biographical details are almost all that we know of the life of the philosopher Epictetus, born around AD55. While some of them are contested – we can’t be sure if he was born a slave, or simply became a slave young – it’s clear that he didn’t have it easy. Nor was his world one that was placid and predictable, either: if he came to Rome from his birthplace in modern-day Turkey sometime around AD65, as some believe, then he would have had a turbulent childhood. He may have witnessed both the fire that torched two-thirds of the city and lived through a single year so politically turbulent it saw four different emperors, two murdered and one who killed himself.
And yet Epictetus had everything he needed. After all, he said – according, at least, to a student who painstakingly wrote down his teachings – that “it is not events that disturb people, it is their judgments concerning them”.
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For many people, the world is in a state of upheaval that can feel difficult to cope with, but can the teachings of the Stoics help in these troubling times?
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March 16, 2022
Mohenjo
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March 15, 2022
Mohenjo
Business, Food For Thought, Human Interest, Medical, Political, Science, Technical
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We are surrounded by toxic chemicals every day – around 80,000 worth, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). From the pesticides on the foods we eat to the latest tech gadgets and hottest new beauty products, chemicals are everywhere.
Unfortunately, these chemicals, such as bisphenol A (BPA), formaldehyde, phthalates, and toxic flame retardants, are easily absorbed into our bodies and have been linked to obesity, infertility, asthma, heart disease, and even cancer. Toxic chemicals are especially troubling for kids, as their bodies are much smaller and are still developing.
In fact, a recent study in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives found that exposure to chemicals like flame retardants found in furniture and stain-resistant items may cause breast cancer. What’s more, many of these chemicals have never been tested for their safety in humans, and experts agree strong legislation is needed.
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March 15, 2022
Mohenjo
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BPA stands for bisphenol A, an industrial chemical that has been used to make certain plastics and resins since the 1950s.
BPA is found in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastics are often used in containers that store food and beverages, such as water bottles. They may also be used in other consumer goods.
Epoxy resins are used to coat the inside of metal products, such as food cans, bottle tops, and water supply lines. Some dental sealants and composites also may contain BPA.
Some research has shown that BPA can seep into food or beverages from containers that are made with BPA. Exposure to BPA is a concern because of the possible health effects on the brain and prostate gland of fetuses, infants, and children. It can also affect children’s behavior. Additional research suggests a possible link between BPA and increased blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
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Bisphenol A
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/bpa/faq-20058331
Addendum Wikipedia – Bisphenol A
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound and one of the simplest and best-known bisphenols. It is produced by the condensation of phenol and acetone, with an estimated 4 million tonnes of produced worldwide in 2015. It is a colorless solid which is soluble in organic solvents, but poorly soluble in water (0.344 wt % at 83 °C).
BPA and its derivatives have many uses, most of which are centered around plastics. Its largest single application is as a co-monomer in the production of polycarbonates and, to a much lesser extent, polysulfones. Its epoxide derivative BADGE (also called DGEBA) is the starting material for most epoxy resins. Low levels of unpolymerised BPA and BADGE are also used in PVC plastisols, as an auxiliary antioxidant and acid scavenger respectively. A common, if minor, use is as a stabilizer in thermal paper. It is not a plasticizer, although it is often wrongly labeled as such.
BPA is a xenoestrogen, exhibiting estrogen-mimicking, hormone-like properties. Although the effect is very weak, the pervasiveness of BPA-containing materials raises concerns. Many of these materials are non-obvious but commonly encountered; such as coatings for the inside of food cans, clothing, shop receipts, and dental fillings. Since 2008, several governments have investigated its safety, which prompted some retailers to withdraw polycarbonate products. Since then, BPA-free plastics have been manufactured using alternative bisphenols such as bisphenol S and bisphenol F, but there is controversy around whether these are actually safer.
Bisphenol A was reported in 1891 by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Dianin.
In 1934 workers at I.G. Farbenindustrie reported the coupling of BPA and epichlorohydrin. Over the following decade, coatings and resins derived from similar materials were described by workers at the companies of DeTrey Freres in Switzerland and DeVoe and Raynolds in the US. This early work underpinned the development of epoxy resins, which in turn motivated production of BPA. The utilization of BPA further expanded with discoveries at Bayer and General Electric on polycarbonate plastics. These plastics first appeared in 1958, being produced by Mobay and General Electric, and Bayer.
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March 15, 2022
Mohenjo
Business, Food For Thought, Human Interest, Science, Technical
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Great managers know how to coach, engage and motivate their teams. But the job isn’t easy. The way we work is rapidly changing. Responsibilities are constantly shifting. Workers want to upgrade their skills.
As a managing vice president at Gartner, a global advisory firm, I oversee research and products for learning. To better understand what the best managers do to develop employees in today’s busy work environment, we surveyed 5,000 managers from around the world in different functions.
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Pictured: (l-r) Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute and Steve Carell as Michael Scott in an episode of “The Office.”
Justin Lubin | NBCU Photo Bank
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March 15, 2022
Mohenjo
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March 14, 2022
Mohenjo
Business, Food For Thought, Human Interest, Science, Technical
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Most of us have come across them at some point – the kind of people who can walk into a room full of strangers but then leave with 10 new friends, a lunch date for the next day, and the promise of an introduction to an industry insider.
Charmers. What makes these lucky individuals so effortlessly likable when many of us have to work so hard at it? While many would have you believe social grace or winning people over is something of an art form, there is a surprising amount of science behind it too.
The factors that determine our success with other people, and the impressions we make upon them, can start even before we meet them. Research has proven the people we meet often make judgments about us based purely on the way we look. Alexander Todorov, a professor of psychology at Princeton, has shown that people can make judgments about someone’s likeability, trustworthiness, and competence after seeing their face for less than a tenth of a second.
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Charmer
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