James' World 2

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While nations rally to reduce their carbon emissions, and try to adapt at-risk places to hotter conditions, there is an elephant in the room: for large portions of the world, local conditions are becoming too extreme and there is no way to adapt. People will have to move to survive.

Over the next fifty years, hotter temperatures combined with more intense humidity are set to make large swathes of the globe lethal to live in. Fleeing the tropics, the coasts, and formerly arable lands, huge populations will need to seek new homes; you will be among them, or you will be receiving them. This migration has already begun—we have all seen the streams of people fleeing drought-hit areas in Latin America, Africa, and Asia where farming and other rural livelihoods have become impossible.

The number of migrants has doubled globally over the past decade, and the issue of what to do about rapidly increasing populations of displaced people will only become greater and more urgent as the planet heats.

We can—and we must—prepare. Developing a radical plan for humanity to survive a far hotter world includes building vast new cities in the more tolerable far north while abandoning huge areas of the unendurable tropics. It involves adapting our food, energy, and infrastructure to a changed environment and demography as billions of people are displaced and seek new homes.

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A firefighter helicopter drops water to put out a wildfire in the Baixa Limia – Serra do Xures Natural Park near the village of Lobeira, Ourense province, northwestern Spain, on August 25, 2022.  MIGUEL RIOPA- AFP/Getty Images)

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We generally assume that home renovations will increase the value of our home. Whether it’s a new kitchen or a gently refreshed guest bedroom, most of the time, the math works in our favor when we do work on a house, making the dust, mishaps, and strain on our bank accounts ultimately worth it.

But not always. Sometimes the renovations don’t pay off the way we expect; while something like a kitchen remodel definitely boosts the value of your home, it doesn’t actually pay for itself, returning just 71% or so of your investment, which is a sobering thing to learn when you’re about to write an enormous check to a contractor. But the real kick in the shins are the home renovations and remodeling projects that actually decrease the value of your home. These are the home renovations you should avoid—unless you love your hot tub too much to care.

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Photo: Artazum (Shutterstock)

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What distinguishes the human brain from that of all other animals — including even our closest primate relatives? Yale researchers identified species-specific — particularly human-specific — features in an analysis of cell types in the prefrontal cortex of four primate species. They reported their findings on August 25, 2022, in the journal Science.

What they found that makes us human may also make us susceptible to neuropsychiatric diseases.

For the study, the scientists looked specifically at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). This is a brain region that is unique to primates and essential for higher-order cognition. Using a single-cell RNA-sequencing technique, the researchers profiled expression levels of genes in hundreds of thousands of cells collected from the dlPFC of adult humans, chimpanzees, macaque, and marmoset monkeys.

“Today, we view the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as the core component of human identity, but still we don’t know what makes this unique in humans and distinguishes us from other primate species,” said Nenad Sestan. He is the lead senior author of the paper, the Harvey and Kate Cushing Professor of Neuroscience at Yale, professor of comparative medicine, of genetics, and of psychiatry.  “Now we have more clues.”

To answer this, the scientists first asked whether there are there any cell types uniquely present in humans or other analyzed non-human primate species. After grouping cells with similar expression profiles, they revealed 109 shared primate cell types. They also discovered five that were not common to all species. These included a type of microglia, or brain-specific immune cell, that was present only in humans and a second type shared by only humans and chimpanzees.

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Yale researchers have identified human-specific features in the prefrontal cortex.

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Leaders, picture this: An employee has been working long hours on a report. Do you usually wait to see its final quality before you recognize their effort?

If you answered yes to either of these, you may need to rethink your strategy.

In a commencement speech at Stanford, Sundar Pichai said four words that encapsulated years of research on the psychology of human motivation: “Reward efforts, not outcomes.”

What he’s tapping into here is creating sources of intrinsic motivation. This means motivating people to do something because they truly enjoy it, love the challenge, or find it interesting. As opposed to seeking a reward (or avoiding a punishment). 

In other words, make results kind of irrelevant.

This might sound counterintuitive. After all, what’s in it for you? What you really want is that good test score or that excellent report, right?

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