James' World 2

Click the link below the picture

.

Behold! As the Ides of March approaches, witness as Earth’s shadow engulfs the moon!

Or, put another way, a total lunar eclipse is set to occur on the night of March 13 and into the early-morning hours of March 14. This is one of my favorite astronomical events; unlike its fast-paced and potentially hazardous solar counterpart, a lunar eclipse is slow and majestic, happens at night and doesn’t require any special equipment or optical aid to see. This makes it easy and fun to watch; you can pop outside every 15 minutes or so to check its progress, and you usually won’t miss anything.

The entire eclipse will be visible across essentially all of North America and most of South America.

The timings of the eclipse’s various stages are given below, but to understand those, you first need to understand how all this unfolds.

The moon orbits Earth once every 27 days or so. The phase we see it in (crescent, half full, and so on) depends on the angle between the sun, the moon and Earth. When the moon is new, between Earth and the sun, we are gazing at its unilluminated half, so it looks black. When it’s opposite the sun in the sky, we see its fully illuminated half, so it appears full. The other phases occur in between these two geometries, so we see various amounts of the moon’s surface lit. Despite a common misconception, Earth’s shadow has nothing to do with the phases.

But it’s why we have eclipses! Earth’s shadow falls in the direction away from the sun, so the moon has to be opposite the sun in our sky during an eclipse. This means a lunar eclipse can only happen at full moon. As the moon orbits Earth, it moves into Earth’s shadow, creating the stages of the eclipse.

The easiest way to understand how the eclipse works is to imagine it first as if you’re on the moon, looking up at Earth and the sun. From this viewpoint—which, incidentally, two lunar landers are set to see for this eclipse—it looks as if our planet is slowly moving in front of the sun. At first, you see Earth just barely blocking our star. The amount of light hitting you drops but not by much. Over time, Earth blocks more and more of the sun, and the illumination drops further. You’re in Earth’s shadow, yet because you can still see some of the sun, you’re not in full shadow. We call this part of the shadow the penumbra, which comes from the Latin for “near shadow.”

After about an hour, you see Earth completely block the sun. You’re in the deepest part of the shadow, called the umbra, and it is dark all around you. Eventually, Earth leaves the sun’s face—you leave the umbra and move back into the penumbra—and the ground around you is partially illuminated once again—until Earth moves completely off and the eclipse is over.

What does this look like from Earth? After all, I’d bet this is where you’ll be watching this event from! When there isn’t a lunar eclipse, if you look into the sky opposite the sun, you can’t see Earth’s shadow because it’s projected onto empty space. But if you could see the shadow, it would look like two concentric circles in the sky. The big one is the penumbra, and the smaller one inside it is the umbra. When the moon begins moving into the penumbra, it does technically get darker, but it’s hard to tell at first. Once the moon is much deeper in, its dimming becomes more obvious.

.

.

.

Click the link below for the complete article:

.

__________________________________________

Click the link below the picture

.

Do Mom and Dad really know best? A recent study seems to suggest so.

Newresearch finds that parents tend to show higher brain connectivity later in life, connecting raising kids with long-term cognitive benefits.1

This new report, which studied 19,964 females and 17,607 males from the UK Biobank, found that parents who raised children experienced better protection against functional brain aging later in life—and that parenting a higher number of children was associated with higher levels of neuro-connectivity.

“These results are striking, but not necessarily surprising,” Edwina R. Orchard, the lead researcher on this study, told Parents. “There is a growing literature in humans and animals that is consistent with these results, suggesting benefits to the structure and function of the brain in parents with more children.”

Does this mean parents are the smartest people? Not necessarily.

Dr. Hannah Homafar, a Board-certified Neurologist, says this study does not establish causation—only a correlation between parenthood and brain function later in life. So, it’s not clear if parenthood, in particular, improves brain health, or if the benefit is found in the enriching activities that parenthood encourages.

“Engaging in meaningful relationships, staying socially connected, and continuously challenging the brain—whether through caregiving, mentorship, or other complex activities—are all factors that may contribute to cognitive longevity,” Dr. Homafar says.

Still, this study brings promising news for parents—and anyone interested in bettering their cognitive health.

“Understanding these nuances could provide valuable insights for brain health at large, including strategies for preserving cognitive function in aging populations,” she says.

Why Is Parenthood Associated With Better Brain Function?

In this study, protection against functional brain aging was seen in both females and males, suggesting the common parenting environment, rather than pregnancy alone, affects brain function.

Ryan Glatt, a Medical Exercise Specialist and Brain Health Coach, notes that this study doesn’t set out to prove how the parenting environment may help brain function, just that there is a connection. Still, experts have some hypotheses on how parenting could improve brain health.

Benefits of Parenting Challenges

For one thing, Glatt says the subjects’ higher functioning brain connectivity in old age may be thanks to the many mental challenges that come with parenting. From planning family schedules to helping kids with homework, being a parent is often mentally challenging.

.

Parents/Getty Images

.

.

Click the link below for the complete article:

.

__________________________________________

Click the link below the picture

.

From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants—unlike cars—somehow manage to avoid the scourge of stop-and-go traffic. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative tactics to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up.

The free flow of traffic becomes unstable as the density of cars increases on a highway. At 15 vehicles per mile per lane, one driver tapping their brakes can trigger a persistent wave of congestion. “It’s a kind of phase transition,” like water turning from a liquid to a solid form, says Katsuhiro Nishinari, a mathematical physicist at the University of Tokyo, who studies these jamming transitions

Nishinari’s previous research had shown that foraging ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. So what’s their secret? In a recent study published in Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, researchers recorded Ochetellus ants on foraging trails and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of three to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another—and they don’t speed up to pass others.

Human drivers at rush hour are hardly inclined to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals, [which] is why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says study co-author Nicola Pugno, who studies sustainable engineering at the University of Trento in Italy. But self-driving cars, if they one day become ubiquitous, could have more cooperative programming. In one vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would share information with nearby cars to optimize traffic flow—perhaps, the researchers suggest, by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road.

This vehicle network would be analogous to ants on a trail, which use scent to coordinate behavior while interacting with one another. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman, a behavioral scientist currently studying ants at the University of California, Los Angeles. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be “very, very strong” and resilient, Nishinari says. (Neither Nishinari nor Pinter-Wollman was involved in the new research.)

Still, ants can do a lot of things that cars—even self-driving ones—can’t, Pinter-Wollman points out. Ants can forge trails as wide as they like, unlike drivers stuck on highways. The insects do sometimes jam up when confined in tunnels, but to keep things moving, “they’ll find a way to walk on the ceiling,” she says. Plus, unlike cars, ants don’t crash; they can literally walk over one another.

Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam, Nishinari says: don’t tailgate. By leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise be amplified into a full-blown “phantom” traffic jam with no obvious cause. “Just keeping away,” he says, can help traffic flow smoothly.

.

Fabio Di Biase/Getty Images

.

.

Click the link below for the complete article:

.

__________________________________________

Click the link below the picture

.

If you want your parents to remain in your child’s—and your—life, I’d start by knocking off the explaining/defending of your father’s actions. He was wrong. Getting a 3-year-old’s long hair cut off while his parents are away is an act of hostility, even if the child agrees to it when his beloved grandfather suggests it. And yes, even if the 3-year-old says he’s happy now with his buzzcut. The problem is not the hair; it’s the decision-making by a grandparent that undercuts a decision made by a parent. I don’t blame your wife for being furious, and I am 99 percent sure your father knew exactly what he was doing. Your defending him is making matters worse.

If you’d recognized the real reason Stella is so angry and stood up for her instead of minimizing her feelings, I would imagine that, a month later, things would not have escalated to this point. While I don’t believe cutting off contact with Alex’s grandparents is a punishment that fits the hair-cutting crime, I’m not surprised that Stella has reached this conclusion. Your insistence that it was no big deal, your inability or refusal to see this from her point of view, even your enlisting of your child to prove your point—that this is all something “so stupid”—is, I’d wager to say, what angers her more than the inciting incident. Tell your dad he was out of line. Tell Stella you know he was out of line. Apologize profusely to her for being such a jerk about it. And then be patient. This too shall pass.

.

Photo illustration by Slate. Photo by buraratn/iStock/Getty Images Plus.

.

.

Click the link below for the complete article:

.

__________________________________________