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While AI is lauded by some as the biggest technological breakthrough since the industrial revolution, enterprises — arguably the tech’s biggest potential customer base — have been slow to adopt AI.

While some investors predicted that 2024 would be the year we’d start to see more AI adoption by enterprises, that didn’t play out as budgets remained constrained and AI tech often remained in the “experimental” category.

Will that all start to change in 2025? Depends on who you ask.

TechCrunch talked to 20 venture capitalists who back startups looking to sell to enterprises about their predictions for 2025. They told us what they anticipate regarding enterprise budgets, trends worth following, and what it will take to raise a Series A in 2025, among other things. Here’s what they said.

What enterprise-related trends will you be paying attention to the most in 2025?

SC Moatti, managing partner, Mighty Capital: I’m really looking into this theme — AI adoption hinges on better data. As enterprises transition from AI experiments to large-scale deployment, the demand for high-quality data intensifies.

Aaron Jacobson, partner, NEA: Code agents for app development modernization are underhyped. Expect to see AI being used to re-platform mainframe apps to the cloud and upgrade older codebases.

Molly Alter, partner, Northzone: A key focus of mine is on spaces that were historically untouchable by venture funds because their business models demanded high COGS or OpEx. We’re seeing AI automate so much behind-the-scenes work that sectors like accounting services, or revenue cycle management, or white-glove legal services can now command software-like margins.

Marell Evans, founder and general partner, Exceptional Capital: Understanding trends in enterprise sales cycles — what is the duration certain organizations are trialing tools for before making decisions about internal adoption? In addition, understanding the different pricing models of AI [in relation to] traditional SaaS, consumption-based and/or outcome-based.

Mike Hayes, managing director, Insight Partners: An unappreciated metric and something that I think will gain traction in 2025 is TTFV, or time-to-first-value. I see this as a proxy for ease-of-implementation, so faster TTFV solutions should have a bigger advantage going into [the] new year.

What areas are you looking to invest in?

Liran Grinberg, co-founder, and managing partner, Team8: Enterprise resilience, whether in front of operational faults or malicious insider or outsider threats. The CrowdStrike software update incident demonstrated how fragile our digital world is, not only due to cyberattackers but also just mistakes.

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Many Many More!

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As a comparative psychologist, I’m used to assaults from my experimental subjects. I’ve been stung by bees, pinched by crayfish and battered by indignant pigeons. But, somehow, with Squirt it felt different. As he eyed us with his W-shaped pupils, he seemed clearly to be plotting against us.

Of course, I’m being anthropomorphic. Science does not yet have the tools to confirm whether cuttlefish have emotional states, or whether they are capable of conscious experience, much less sinister plots. But there’s undeniably something special about cephalopods – the class of ocean-dwelling invertebrates that includes cuttlefish, squid, and octopus.

As researchers learn more about cehpalopods’ cognitive skills, there are calls to treat them in ways better aligned with their level of intelligence. California and Washington state both approved bans on octopus farming in 2024. Hawaii is considering similar action, and a ban on farming octopus or importing farmed octopus meat has been introduced in Congress. A planned octopus farm in Spain’s Canary Islands is attracting opposition from scientists and animal welfare advocates.

Some of these species live alone in the nearly featureless darkness of the deep ocean; others live socially on active, sunny coral reefs. Many are skilled hunters, but some feed passively on floating debris. Because of this enormous diversity, the size and complexity of cephalopod brains and behaviors also varies tremendously.

Almost everything that’s known about cephalopod cognition comes from intensive study of just a few species. When considering the welfare of a designated species of captive octopus, it’s important to be careful about using data collected from a distant evolutionary relative.

Can we even measure alien intelligence?

Intelligence is fiendishly hard to define and measure, even in humans. The challenge grows exponentially in studying animals with sensory, motivational, and problem-solving skills that differ profoundly from ours.

Historically, researchers have tended to focus on whether animals think like humans, ignoring the abilities that animals may have that humans lack. To avoid this problem, scientists have tried to find more objective measures of cognitive abilities.

One option is a relative measure of brain to body size. The best-studied species of octopus, Octopus vulgaris, has about 500 million neurons; that’s relatively large for its small body size and similar to a starling, rabbit or turkey.

More accurate measures may include the size, neuron count or surface area of specific brain structures thought to be important for learning. While this is useful in mammals, the nervous system of an octopus is built completely differently.

Over half of the neurons in Octopus vulgaris, about 300 million, are not in the brain at all, but distributed in “mini-brains,” or ganglia, in the arms. Within the central brain, most of the remaining neurons are dedicated to visual processing, leaving less than a quarter of its neurons for other processes such as learning and memory.

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If you ask Nandan Nilekani, the key to being successful in today’s ever-changing job landscape is simpler than you think.

Nilekani co-founded Infosys, an information technology (IT) and consulting firm, in 1981, serving as CEO from 2002 to 2007 before creating Aadhaar, the world’s largest biometric identification system, in 2009. His contributions to the tech landscape helped him reach billionaire status, with a current net worth of $3.6 billion, according to Forbes.

As tech and AI changes workflows, and anxiety around the future of work looms, Nilekani says people should focus on building the soft skills that artificial intelligence can’t replicate.

“Be curious, connected and relevant,” he told LinkedIn CEO Ryan Roslansky in a recent episode of “The Path” newsletter. “I get up every morning wanting to learn new things, and I keep my mind open.”

It’s a mantra that’s propelled Nilekani throughout his career. The 69-year-old grew up in India in the ’60s and early ‘70s, where parents had

strict rules for their kids’ careers, he said: either be a doctor or an engineer.

Nilekani chose engineering, but went to a college his father didn’t approve of, and chose electrical over chemical engineering, again, to his father’s dismay. He graduated from IIT Bombay in 1978 and became obsessed with a new technology, mini computers, shortly after.

He got a job at Putney Computer Systems, the company developing the new tech, under N.R. Narayana Murthy, who would later call on him to co-found Infosys, where Nilekani currently serves as a non-executive chairman.

Nilekani credits most of his success to his hunger for information and the excitement that learning new things brought him, insisting that curiosity made him successful, not a love for business. 

“I’m an accidental entrepreneur,” he told Roslansky. “It’s not that I set out my life to be an entrepreneur, but once I got into it, I realized this was my calling.”

Be inquisitive or be ‘stagnant’

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For several years after World War II ended, the British government continued to ration certain foodstuffs, including eggs, dairy products and sugar. This not only popularized resourceful recipes such as the vinegar-based “Wacky cake”; it also kept the average diet within what we now recognize as modern guidelines for daily sugar consumption. Now a study shows this restriction conferred lifelong health benefits on people who were infants during rationing.

Scientists have long wondered how sugar affects the developing body and brain. But observational studies of families who consume less or more sugar can struggle to disentangle diet’s effects from those of related factors such as income or geographic location. “This type of experiment helps to remove some of that noise,” says Juliana Cohen, a nutrition researcher at Merrimack College and the Harvard School of Public Health, who was not involved in the work.

The study authors used the medical database U.K. BioBank to compare disease incidence in about 60,000 people born in the years before or after sugar rationing ended in September 1953. The transition sharply altered sugar intake without affecting other dietary factors—rationing of other ingredients ended on different dates—allowing the researchers to probe the effects of reduced sugar within the developmentally crucial first 1,000 days of life.

Infants conceived in the years before sugar rationing ended had a 35 percent lower risk of diabetes and a 20 percent lower risk of hypertension in their 50s and 60s compared with those conceived after, the team reported in Science. For ration-era kids who ultimately did develop these conditions, onset was four and two years later, respectively. The longer a person lived under rationing, the greater the benefit they saw—but the strongest effects came while in utero and past the first six months of life, when babies begin eating solid foods.

Many mechanisms could explain the results, says lead author Tadeja Gračner, an economist at the University of Southern California. People who consume excessive sugar might gain an unhealthy amount of weight or develop diabetes during pregnancy, putting their children at risk for obesity and insulin resistance. High sugar intake could also prompt a growing fetus to express different genes to similar effect. And children raised on sugary diets may simply come to prefer sweeter foods; in a separate study, Gračner’s team found that people exposed to rationing consumed less daily added sugar as adults than those who weren’t.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that kids younger than two avoid added sugar and that everyone else keep their daily intake to less than 10 percent of their total calories. But today’s American toddlers average far more (nearly six teaspoons of added sugar a day), and many pregnant people consume triple the recommended amount for adults. Cohen notes dietary change is difficult because our nutritional environment isn’t set up to support it—yet any reduction helps, and there’s no need to avoid sugar entirely.

“It’s all about moderation,” Gračner says. “A birthday cake, candy, a cookie here and there—these are all treats we need to enjoy.”

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Well, it finally happened. My 2021 Kindle Paperwhite, which I’ve had for years and still use on a nightly basis, started showing its age and slowing down. Not only was it slow to boot up, but it was also slow to respond to my swipes and taps. Fortunately, after doing some research, I was able to speed up my sluggish Kindle with a few simple troubleshooting tricks.

So if you’re a voracious reader like me and your e-reader is having trouble keeping up with your pace, don’t sweat it, I’ll show you what to do. I’ll also include step-by-step instructions for the latest Kindle Paperwhite.

Be mindful of storage space

I’ll be the first one to tell you that I’ve got an embarrassing number of books on my 11th-generation Kindle Paperwhite. I’m always on the hunt for a tale that’s weird yet compelling, which led to me accumulating lots of random books and short stories over the years. So, the first thing I did to speed up my Kindle was remove any books I’m not currently reading.

To do this on an 11th-generation Kindle Paperwhite (as well as a 2024 Kindle Paperwhite), navigate to your personal library and press and hold the cover of the book you want to remove. Next, you’ll want to select Remove from Device. If you’re looking to remove multiple books at once, navigate to Settings (from the three vertical dots in the upper right hand corner) > Device Options > Storage Management > Manual Removal > Books. Here you can tick off the books you want to remove and then tap the Remove button at the bottom of the screen.

My real problem is that I download every single book I buy, which isn’t a great habit to develop because they eat up a good amount of storage space, thus impacting overall performance. I tend to only read one or two books at a time, so there’s no reason to download every single book on my device. If you’d like to remove all of your downloaded books at once, the easiest way to do that is with a factory reset.

Wiping the slate clean

If you’re not committed to any books at the present time, you can always reset the Kindle back to its factory settings, which automatically removes all downloaded content. I ended up doing this with my own Kindle and it really improved the boot up speed and touch navigation. Just be aware that this step will also reset the brightness and color temperature. Personally, I like using warmth mode, but the overall speed boost from resetting the device was worth setting up those preferences again.

To reset an 11th-generation Kindle Paperwhite back to its factory settings and remove all downloaded books, navigate to Settings > Device Options > Factory Reset. Confirm the factory reset and let your Kindle do the work. This feature will remove your personal data, downloaded content, and unsynced content. Don’t have an 11th-generation Kindle Paperwhite? No problem! Below you’ll find instructions on how to factory reset the 2024 Kindle Paperwhite.

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The skinniest pasta yet made—let’s call it “nanotini”—has an average diameter of 372 nanometers and only two ingredients: flour plus formic acid. The latter, a caustic agent typically sprayed by agitated ants, is why researcher Adam Clancy sniffed his creation before he ate it. 

It is generally inadvisable to consume things pickled with formic acid. But Clancy, a chemist at University College London, relied on his understanding of the acid’s odor threshold—the lowest concentration at which the human nose can detect a substance. Clancy trusted that if the pasta was scentless, then it contained too little acid to be dangerous. Satisfied, he chewed a wad of nanotini. “I know you’re not meant to self-experiment, but I’d made the world’s smallest pasta,” Clancy says. “I couldn’t resist.” 

Clancy and his co-authors, who recently published the recipe for their pasta in Nanoscale Advances, aren’t trying to whip up something for Italian restaurants; they are investigating starch nanofibers for their potential as next-generation bandages. Mats of these fibers have pores that permit water to pass through but are too small for bacteria, Clancy says. 

Ideal wound dressings aren’t simple barriers. They should also speed recovery, points out Cornell University graduate student Mohsen Alishahi, who studies nanofiber bandages made with starch derivatives and wasn’t involved with the nanotini project. “Using a natural material such as starch to develop the wound dressing can help the wound heal more quickly,” Alishahi says. Starch should encourage cells around an injury to grow because the fibers resemble the body’s microscopic structural network, called the extracellular matrix. And starch has another natural advantage: made by every species of green plant, it is one of the most common organic compounds on the planet. 

Previous nanofibers had been built from purified starch from corn, maize and rice. This is the first time anyone has done so with plain white flour—thereby, Clancy claims, meeting the definition of the world’s smallest pasta. To make it, his team first dissolved the flour in acid, which uncoiled the flour’s starch clumps so the molecules could be linked into skinny threads.

Next was a delicate, hours-long sequence of heating and cooling. This process is “the most interesting” aspect of the new research, says Pennsylvania State University food scientist Greg Ziegler, who studies starch nanofibers as possible scaffolds for cultured meat and wasn’t involved with the new paper. Despite the impurities of supermarket flour, the resulting liquid had the “proper viscosity for spinning,” Ziegler says, referring to the technique used to make the pasta. 

Pasta makers typically slice dough or push it through small holes to give it shape. But in this case, the starch molecules were electrospun—pulled by electric charge through a hollow needle tip. The liquid whipped out of the needle horizontally, attracted to a grounded plate a few centimeters away. As the acid swiftly dried in flight, the starch chains formed solid but invisible threads; their width was too small to be seen by the unaided eye. What could be seen were the off-white mats that formed when fibers amassed on the plate. These bendy mats looked a bit like tracing paper, but instead of wood pulp, it was exceptionally tiny pasta all the way down. As for the flavor? “I can confirm it needs some seasoning,” Clancy says. 

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Donald Trump has moved at warp speed to nominate people to serve in his Cabinet and other important government posts who have chosen loyalty to him as their most important virtue, making a mockery of merit even as the nominees claim to uphold meritocracy.  

Moreover, like Trump himself, his nominees denigrate science and scientific expertise, subscribe to conspiracy theories, are eager to impose litmus tests in the arts and education, and seem hostile to the world beyond America’s borders.

Elections have consequences, so the saying goes.

And if that wasn’t enough to remind us that elections have consequences, the president-elect announced that on the first day of his administration, he will order a mass deportation of millions of immigrants and impose stiff tariffs on this nation’s most important trading partners.

While much of the post-election commentary has focused on its implications for American democracy,  there is another side to what will unfold starting on Jan. 20. When he takes office, Trump, who promised to Make America Great Again, seems determined to lead America into a period of scientific, cultural, educational, and global retrenchment, which collectively might be called the new “Dark Ages.”

Some see Trump as reviving the so-called Gilded Age of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an era of great prosperity as well as technological and industrial growth. It was an era dominated by corrupt “captains of industry” or “robber barons” whose corrupting influence also extended to government and politics. 

However, leaders in the Gilded Age did not reject science and rationality. Quite the contrary, they embraced both because they saw them as essential to the growth of capitalism. And they invested in culture and the arts, rather than trying to make them hue to a particular orthodoxy.

Yes, Trump’s era may ultimately have some attributes of the Gilded Age, I think it will be much worse. 

Trump and his MAGA followers reject the cultural legacy of the people who founded this nation. The people who led the American Revolution and wrote the Constitution were, deeply impressed by “the seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution and its emphasis on empiricism, objective observation, and using rationality over faith or tradition as the foundations of truthful knowledge.”  

They founded “an Enlightenment country” and borrowed from the Enlightenment hostility toward the “hierarchically ordered societies of Europe.” 

The president-elect seems determined to end all that. 

In 2017, Suzanne Nossel, the CEO of the writers group PEN America, warned of Trump’s “repudiation of the American ideals — grounded in the Enlightenment — of self-expression, knowledge, dissent, criticism, and truth.” What Nossel predicted then seems even more apt today. 

During the 2024 campaign and transition period, Trump and his cronies have broadcast their determination “to entrench within the machinery of the U.S. government… elemental disdain for intellectuals, analysts, and experts.” They regularly denigrate rationality and elevate superstition, tradition, and hierarchy. 

I call their program a recipe for the return of the “Dark Ages.”

Though the term is now much disputed, the phrase “Dark Ages” is used by some historians to describe a “’ period of intellectual depression in Europe from… the fifth century to the revival of learning about the beginning of the fifteenth….’” During that time, Europe experienced “a decline in culture (and) learning…. and a shift towards a feudal society with limited literacy and widespread superstition.”

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Donald Trump and Jared Kushner (Photo illustration by Salon/Getty Images)

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When Lene was a child, she took comfort in a strange nighttime routine. While lying in bed just before she fell asleep, her bedroom would begin to warp, and her body would do so along with it. The far wall would stretch away from her head, her legs lengthening to meet it until she felt like she could touch the door with her toe if she tried. And all the while, it seemed as if she was floating in the corner, observing her distorted body.

“The first time I was very scared,” Lene says, recalling she was between seven and nine years old at the time. “I didn’t tell anyone, because if I told my mom, she would just say, ‘Eh, it’s nothing.’” She recalls that the episodes began happening every night, and eventually they became somewhat comforting. By adolescence, they had stopped, and she largely forgot about them.

Then, a few years ago, Lene, now age 59, learned that her experience had a name. She was at a hospital in Denmark where she works as a secretary in the neurology department. During a meeting where she was taking notes, a neurologist mentioned a patient with something called Alice in Wonderland syndrome. Intrigued, Lene did some research on Google, where she immediately recognized her own experience.

“All my life, since I was a child, I had this thing I couldn’t explain. And suddenly there was a word for it,” Lene says. During episodes of Alice in Wonderland syndrome, the world appears distorted, in many of the same ways that are described in Lewis Carroll’s famous novel, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Bodies can morph out of shape; time can speed up or slow down; colors can fade or intensify. Often, these symptoms come with a sense of unreality called depersonalization or derealization. These distortions usually last between minutes and days and are known to be triggered by migraine, epilepsy, brain injury, drugs and infections.

While it’s rare to be diagnosed with the condition—fewer than 200 clinical cases have been officially reported since 1955, mainly in children, and it doesn’t appear in any mainstream diagnostic handbooks—Alice-like symptoms appear to be relatively common. One survey study published in 1999 found that some 30 percent of participants had experienced at least one kind of visual distortion in their life. And around 16 percent of migraine patients in a recent study also reported symptoms of Alice in Wonderland syndrome throughout their life. Some researchers have theorized that Carroll experienced these symptoms himself because he was known to experience migraines.

“The symptoms are as fantastical as the narrative of the book,” says Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi, an infectious disease physician at Mount Sinai in New York City, who has encountered the condition throughout his career. “When you don’t have answers, that is an enigma. And this is a condition that remains, in all of its aspects, largely unanswered.”

Still, researchers have begun to assemble many of the pieces of the Alice in Wonderland syndrome puzzle. The number of published studies on the condition has more than doubled since 2010, giving researchers important new insights into what causes these symptoms, says Jan Dirk Blom, a psychiatrist at Leiden University in the Netherlands and author of a 2020 book on the syndrome. And most recently, researchers have uncovered a potential answer to one of the syndrome’s biggest mysteries: What happens in the brain when people enter the rabbit hole?

The Looking Glass

We often think that our five senses allow us to observe the world as it truly exists—that “our brain is some sort of canvas or display for the reality” around us, says Maximilian Friedrich, a neurologist at University Hospital of Würzburg in Germany. “But it turns out that this is not the case. Perception is an active process.” The brain does not record reality through sensory input like a camera; it synthesizes, interprets, and reconstructs it.

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Elon Musk has been involved in an online battle against Trump loyalists who are immigration hard-liners. Credit…Brian Snyder/Reuters

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