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A week into their war on Iran, the United States and Israel have attacked a vast array of targets — about 4,000 in all — from the land, air, and sea.

The bombing campaign, one of the most intense periods of strikes involving U.S. forces in decades, reveals a broad strategy. The United States and Israel are seeking to loosen the grip of Iran’s repressive security and intelligence services and possibly topple its authoritarian government. They are also trying to eliminate Iran’s ability to produce and launch missiles, to seriously degrade its navy, and to prevent the country from being able to produce nuclear weapons.

President Trump said on Friday that the conflict would continue until Iran’s “unconditional surrender,” indicating that the war may just be getting started. But so far, Iran has not folded.

The bombing has killed the country’s supreme leader and other top officials, but the Islamic government that has ruled the country since 1979 remains in place. Though it has been weakened, Iran’s military is still firing missiles and drones at Israel and at countries in the region where U.S. troops are deployed. The vast Iranian security forces also appear to be intact. And while the United States and Israel have struck at least one site at the heart of Iran’s nuclear program, the extent of the damage is unclear.

 

In the first minutes of the war, Israel sought to paralyze the chain of command in Iran. Israeli warplanes fired a barrage of missiles that struck the Iranian leadership compound in central Tehran.

At the time, senior Iranian national security officials had gathered in one building at the compound. The supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was in another building.

Among those who died in the attack last weekend was Ayatollah Khamenei. Israel later hunted down the highest-ranking Iranian commander responsible for operations in Lebanon, killing him in Tehran.

Mr. Trump has said that several potential successors to Khamenei are now dead, and that he wants a say in the selection of Iran’s next leader. The United States and Israel are undoubtedly looking for opportunities to kill more Iranian officials they want out of the picture.

The bombing campaign has targeted the security and intelligence agencies responsible for the repression of dissent in Iran. The aim is to weaken the regime’s grip on power.

Among the targets is Iran’s most powerful military force, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and the Basij, a plainclothes militia affiliated with the Guards. Israel said it had used dozens of warplanes in one attack to blast a compound in eastern Tehran that served as the headquarters for the Basij, the Guards, and the Quds Force, the arm of the Guards responsible for foreign operations.

Israel estimates that hundreds of Basij and Guards personnel have been killed, along with thousands of other security personnel. The Pentagon said it had bombed sites linked to the Guards, which, along with its proxies, has targeted Americans in numerous attacks over the decades. In addition, the United States and Israel have struck detention centers and television and broadcasting facilities.

Missiles and Defense

Perhaps the most vital part of the U.S.-Israeli campaign has been the effort to establish air superiority with attacks on Iranian air defenses, missile depots and launchers, and air bases.

The Israeli military says that more than 300 Iranian missile launchers and about 150 air defense systems have been disabled, and that it was continuing to target the country’s ballistic missiles and launch sites.

The United States says it has crippled Iran’s navy, destroying 30 vessels, including a submarine. The American military used a submarine to fire a torpedo and sink an Iranian warship in the Indian Ocean, and also struck an Iranian drone carrier ship.

The aim of the naval operations is to weaken Iran’s capacity to menace shipping in the Strait of Hormuz, which carries a fifth of the world’s oil exports and significant quantities of natural gas.

Nuclear Program

The United States and Israel say they are determined to prevent Iran from building nuclear weapons.

In June, the two nations carried out attacks in Iran that Mr. Trump said had “destroyed” the country’s nuclear potential. But U.S. and Israeli forces have resumed striking the Iranian nuclear infrastructure, attacking the Natanz site, where Iran has produced a vast majority of its nuclear fuel.

The site is considered the heart of the country’s nuclear program. Satellite imagery shows that the new strikes destroyed the entrances to an underground cavern at Natanz that held centrifuges for uranium enrichment. It is not clear whether Isfahan and Fordo, two other sites that were struck in the 12-day war between Israel and Iran in June, have been targeted again.

This week, Israel destroyed a previously secret underground facility in Minzadehei, northeast of Tehran, that it said was used to develop parts for a nuclear weapon. Yechiel Leiter, the Israeli ambassador to Washington, said Iran had “intended to pair nuclear-enriched uranium with a missile delivery system” at the compound.

More on the Fighting in the Middle East

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• Leadership Rift in Iran: Masoud Pezeshkian, the Iranian president, apologized for Iranian strikes on Gulf states before backtracking after criticism from other Iranian leaders. Despite his remarks, Iran has continued its attacks.

• U.S. Assessment on Regime Change: A report by the National Intelligence Council completed before the United States and Israel launched attacks on Iran assessed that even a large-scale military assault on the country would be unlikely to topple its theocratic government, according to U.S. officials briefed on the work.

• Iran’s Navy: The country’s naval forces have suffered heavy losses in the first week of U.S. and Israeli strikes, according to a New York Times analysis of satellite data and videos. But challenges remain for U.S. and Israeli forces seeking to neutralize it completely.

• Europe’s Role: European leaders are facing diplomatic headwinds and criticism at home as they take part in a conflict they did not seek.

• Russia Sharing Intel with Iran: The information has included satellite imagery showing the locations of military personnel, according to U.S. officials. But some officials played down the significance of the partnership.

• Food Production:  The Persian Gulf is a major source of fertilizers, making the conflict disruptive to the global production of food. And those in the most vulnerable countries could face hunger.

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Sources: Satellite images by Vantor (first three images) and Planet Labs (bottom right). The New York Times

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