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In Mr. Trump’s case, he was accused of storing boxes with classified information in various insecure locations at Mar-a-Lago, including a bathroom and a ballroom stage. Because Mar-a-Lago is a club and not just a residence, many people could have gained access to the documents before the F.B.I. finally retrieved them in August 2022.

In Mr. Bolton’s case, he was accused of transmitting the entries using personal email accounts and an encrypted consumer messaging app that were not approved for sending and storing classified information. One of the email accounts was apparently hacked by Iran in 2021, the indictment said. And while his house had an approved facility for storing classified information while he was Mr. Trump’s national security adviser, it did not have one afterward.

Both faced multiple counts of unauthorized retention.

The charges in the two indictments substantially overlap in one respect: Both men were charged with multiple counts of unauthorized retention of national defense information under Section 793(e) of Title 10 of the United States Code, part of a law known as the Espionage Act.

In both cases, prosecutors picked a subset of the files recovered from the men’s homes during court-authorized searches — presumably, documents that were sensitive enough to impress a jury, but not so sensitive that it would be risky to discuss them in court — and brought a count based on each. Mr. Trump was charged with 38 such counts, and Mr. Bolton with eight.

The indictments used their past statements against them.

The indictments against both men cited their own public statements criticizing others for mishandling classified information, to underscore that they knew what they were doing was wrong.

In Mr. Trump’s case, the indictment cited numerous statements he made during the 2016 presidential campaign about the need to vigorously enforce laws meant to protect classified information. At the time, Mr. Trump was using that issue to attack his rival, Hillary Clinton, for having used a private email server while secretary of state.

In Mr. Bolton’s case, the indictment quoted extensively from comments he made in the spring of 2025 criticizing Trump administration officials who had discussed plans for an upcoming military strike in Yemen on the consumer app Signal, in a group chat that mistakenly included a journalist. Notably, the Justice Department under Mr. Trump did not treat that incident as a crime.

Only Trump was charged with obstruction offenses.

The charges in the two cases significantly diverged in another respect. Each man was charged with a set of offenses that the other did not face.

In Mr. Trump’s case, his obstruction of efforts to retrieve files — including allegations that he caused a false statement to be made to law enforcement agents and conspired to conceal files from them — was a major part of his case. He faced eight additional charges that derived from that alleged behavior, which the indictment documented at length.

Mr. Bolton’s indictment chided him for not telling the F.B.I. that he still possessed classified information when he reported that an apparent Iranian hacker had broken into his email account in 2021. But it did not charge him with obstruction.

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John R. Bolton, the former White House national security adviser, in 2019 at the White House.Credit…Erin Schaff/The New York Times

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