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When cardiologist Ethan Weiss concluded his 12-week study of weight loss and intermittent fasting, the results surprised him. The randomized trial set up by Weiss, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, split participants into a control group and another group who ate all their meals between noon and 8 p.m. He expected to find more weight loss in the fasting group. But the results he published in JAMA Internal Medicine last fall showed something else: that those following the time-restricted eating schedule lost roughly the same amount of weight as those in the control group. What’s more, the weight they did lose was lean muscle mass, and not fat.
Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard when it comes to scientific studies. Yet when it comes to figuring out how to lose weight, or which sort of diet is best, it’s often the case that different trials yield much different results, even when participants follow similar nutritional plans. (Another 12-week trial of time-restricted eating showed the opposite effect of Weiss’s study: Participants who followed a time-restricted schedule lost weight without losing muscle mass.)
This muddle is enough to leave anyone scratching their head. And it points to a bigger issue in the science of weight loss: There’s a lot that researchers have figured out, but there’s still no consensus on the single optimal diet or way to lose weight—and there might not ever be.
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